The Arctic Radiation-Cloud-Aerosol-Surface Interaction EXperiment (ARCSIX) was a NASA field campaign aimed at measuring how surface properties, clouds, aerosols, and precipitation influence the Arctic summertime surface radiation budget and sea ice melt. ARCSIX included two deployments based in Greenland from May to August 2024. The NASA P-3, G-III, and SPEC Learjet aircraft were equipped with both in situ and remote sensing sensors to collect radiation data and analyze aerosol and cloud properties across the Arctic. Additional ground-based observations were made at the Thule High Arctic Atmospheric Observatory (THAAO) in Pituffik, Greenland. ARCSIX was funded by NASA’s Radiation Sciences and Cryospheric Sciences Programs.
The Hyperspectral Radiometer (HSR1), developed by Peak Design Ltd, is a passive radiometer designed for both airborne and ground-based use. It measures total and diffuse spectral irradiance from 360 to 1100 nm at a spectral resolution of 3 nm. These measurements can be used to derive aerosol optical depth. HSR1 typically takes measurements every 1 second and has a field of view of 5 degrees.
The 2B Technologies Ozone (O3) Monitor is an in situ dual-beam ozone monitor suitable for airborne and ground-based use. It measures O3 concentration via dual-beam ultraviolet (UV) absorption at 254 nm. The device has a detection range of 0 to 20 ppm, a resolution of 0.1 ppb, and provides measurements every 2 seconds. Its operating temperature range is 0 to 50 degrees Celsius, with an altitude range of approximately 0 to 13.5 km.
The Differential Aerosol Sizing and Hygroscopicity Spectrometer Probe (DASH-SP) is an in situ airborne spectrometer developed by Brechtel Manufacturing, Inc. It uses differential mobility analysis (DMA) with multiple humidification and sizing modules to measure aerosol optical size and hygroscopic growth factors. The probe provides faster measurement resolution than other hygroscopicity techniques. DASH-SP measures aerosol particles in the 0.1–1.0 μm size range and operates at a wavelength of 532 nm. Its typical sampling rate is 1 Hz.
The Continuous Flow Diffusion Chamber (CFDC) is an in situ airborne optical particle counter (OPC). It uses vertical flow through two chambers with different wall temperatures to grow ice particles within the OPC at the bottom of the instrument, thereby determining the particle size distribution. If conditions are stable, the CFDC can also measure flow rate, temperature, and humidity. It measures the size distribution of aerosol particles from 0.4 to 20 mm. The device counts particles every 0.2 seconds and records particle spectra every 10 seconds.
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Water Vapor > Water Vapor Indicators > Humidity
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Temperature > Upper Air Temperature
The Multi-function Airborne Raman Lidar (MARLi) is an airborne lidar that collects profile measurements within the planetary boundary layer (PBL). It operates at 355 nm and/or 266 nm to detect Raman lidar signals and measure profiles of temperature, water vapor mixing ratio, aerosols, and clouds. It has a horizontal resolution of approximately 100 m to 1 km and a vertical resolution of 60 cm. MARLi has a measurement sampling rate of 10 Hz.
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Water Vapor > Water Vapor Profiles
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Aerosols
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Temperature > Upper Air Temperature > Boundary Layer Temperature
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Water Vapor > Water Vapor Profiles > Water Vapor Mixing Ratio Profiles
Earth Science > Spectral/engineering > Lidar
The Fast Integrated Mobility Spectrometer (FIMS) is an in situ airborne spectrometer that measures aerosol size distributions. It separates charged aerosol particles by electrical mobility and then uses a charge-coupled device (CCD) imaging system to determine the particle size distribution. FIMS can measure aerosol size distributions from 8 to 600 nm at a sampling rate of 1 Hz.
Generic-Atmospheric State (Gen-AtmsState) refers to non-specific instruments on a platform that measure atmospheric state parameters. These are typically in situ sensors that measure temperature, pressure, humidity, and wind speed and direction. Types of atmospheric state instruments include thermometers, hygrometers, barometers, and anemometers.
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Water Vapor
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Pressure
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Water Vapor > Water Vapor Indicators > Humidity
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Temperature > Surface Temperature > Air Temperature
The Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP) is an airborne, passive polarimeter developed by SpecTIR Corporation. It measures total radiance and linear polarization across nine spectral bands spanning the visible and infrared wavelengths (410-2250 nm). These measurements can be used to determine aerosol and cloud properties. RSP has a time resolution of 0.8 seconds, a field of view of 14 mrad, and a horizontal resolution of approximately 100 meters at an altitude of 5 km.
The Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) is an in situ laser-induced photometer developed by Droplet Measurement Technologies. SP2 measures the black carbon (BC) mass in individual aerosol particles and their optical and physical properties. The device detects aerosol particles with diameters of 200-400 nm and can analyze up to 25,000 particles per second. It operates at a sampling rate of 1 Hz and uses a wavelength of 1.06 μm. It can be used on airborne or ground-based platforms and paired with a Humidified-Dual SP2 (HD-SP2).
The Picarro gas concentration analyzer is an in situ airborne or ground-based sensor manufactured by Picarro, Inc. It uses Wavelength-Scanned Cavity Ring Spectroscopy (WS-CRDS) to measure trace gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, and water vapor. For carbon dioxide measurements, the laser operates at 1603 nm, while 1651 nm is used for methane and water vapor measurements. Picarro has a typical sampling time of 2.5 seconds. Depending on the model, Picarro can also provide measurements of carbon isotopes for gas concentrations.
The G-band Vapor Radiometer (GVR) is an airborne passive radiometer developed by ProSensing, Inc. It measures brightness temperature at 183.31 GHz to determine precipitable water vapor and liquid water path. GVR is highly sensitive to water vapor, making it well suited for low-humidity conditions. It has an antenna beamwidth of 1.5 degrees and a data rate of up to 20 Hz. GVR can be configured for ground-based operations and has been used at the Department of Energy (DoE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Central Facility site in Barrow, Alaska.
Earth Science > Spectral/engineering > Microwave > Brightness Temperature
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Water Vapor > Water Vapor Indicators > Total Precipitable Water
Condensation Particle Counters (CPCs) are in situ sensors that measure aerosol particle concentrations. CPCs determine aerosol concentrations by condensing a fluid onto particles, causing them to grow to sizes detectable by optical scattering. Typically, CPCs detect particles from 7 nm to 3 μm, measure concentrations up to 100,000 particles per cubic centimeter, and provide readings every second. CPCs are manufactured by TSI Incorporated and can be used on airborne, shipborne, and ground-based platforms.
The Cloud Particle Imager (CPI) is an airborne imager developed by SPEC Inc. It captures high-resolution (2.3 μm pixel size) images of cloud particles passing through its sampling volume. It uses a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera operating at 810 nm to record images and can capture up to 74 frames per second at a refresh rate of 40 Hz. The images from CPI can be used to determine microphysical properties such as particle size and shape.
The High Volume Precipitation Spectrometer (HVPS) is an in situ airborne particle imager manufactured by SPEC Inc. It uses a 128-photodiode array to capture images of precipitation particles. These images can be used to determine particle shape, size, and concentration. HVPS-3 has a pixel resolution of 150 μm and a maximum field of view of 1.92 cm.
Broadband Radiometers (BBR) are modified versions of the Kipp & Zonen CM-22 pyranometers and CG-4 pyrgeometers. They have been adapted for use on airborne platforms through specialized instrument housings and signal amplification. BBR measures solar irradiance in the 0.2-3.6 μm wavelength range and infrared (IR) irradiance in the 4.5-42 μm range. These measurements can be used to derive net irradiance, radiative forcing, absorption, and albedo. It has a typical sampling rate of 1 Hz and a hemispheric field of view.
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Radiation > Solar Irradiance
The Solar Spectral Flux Radiometer (SSFR) is an airborne radiometer developed by the Ames Atmospheric Radiation Group. It measures solar spectral irradiance in the troposphere. SSFR operates across 300-2150 nm and provides a spectral resolution of 8-12 nm. It typically collects data at 1 Hz and has a radiometric accuracy of 3%.
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Radiation > Solar Irradiance
The 2D-Stereo Particle Probe (2D-S) is an in situ airborne optical imaging device developed by SPEC Inc. It uses two diode-laser beams to create stereo images of cloud particles via linear-array shadowing. These images enable determination of cloud particle size distribution, particle number concentration, and ice or liquid water content. 2D-S has a resolution of 10 µm and can measure hydrometeors from 25 to 1280 µm.
The Ice Spectrometer (IS) is an offline analytical spectrometer system owned and operated by Colorado State University (CSU). It measures the concentration of immersion-freezing ice-nucleating particles (INPs) in filtered aerosol samples. It can be used to analyze samples from airborne, balloon-borne, and ground-based platforms.
The Counterflow Virtual Impactor (CVI) is an in situ airborne instrument that samples cloud droplets by removing them from the surrounding air through inertial impaction. It is typically deployed with additional sensors to measure cloud particle concentration, cloud liquid water, and water vapor in the sampled droplets. The CVI can detect cloud droplets as small as 7 microns in diameter and has a typical time response of 1 second.
A pyrometer is a remote-sensing infrared thermometer that measures the temperature of distant objects by detecting their thermal radiation. It can be mounted on aircraft, ground vehicles, or water-based platforms for surface and sea-surface temperature observations. For atmospheric studies, the pyrometer usually operates in the 9.6 to 11.5 µm spectral range and has a temperature range of -25 to 200 degrees Celsius. Pyrometers typically have a response time between 5 milliseconds and 600 seconds.
Earth Science > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Sea Surface Temperature
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Temperature > Surface Temperature > Skin Temperature
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Temperature > Surface Temperature
Earth Science > Spectral/engineering > Infrared Wavelengths > Brightness Temperature
The Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS) is an in situ spectrometer manufactured by TSI Instruments. It measures aerodynamic particles in the 0.5-20 μm size range and light-scattering intensity in the 0.37-20 μm optical size range. The APS provides particle size distributions for 52 channels at a typical sampling time of 1 second. It uses a laser diode operating at 655 nm and has a size resolution of 0.02 μm at 1 μm. The APS can be deployed on aircraft, ships, or ground-based platforms.
The Condensation Nuclei Counter (CNC) is an in situ optical sensor produced by Droplet Measurement Technologies and TSI, Inc. It detects cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) by supersaturating the sampled air, making CCN particles detectable. The particles are then measured by an optical particle counter (OPC). The CNC detects particles from 0.75 to 10 μm in diameter and operates at a sampling rate of 1 Hz. It is suitable for both airborne and ground-based operations.
The SEA Model WCM-2000 Multi Element Water Content System (WCM-2000) is an in situ airborne sensor manufactured by Science Engineering Associates (SEA), Inc. It directly measures liquid water content (LWC) and total water content (TWC) within clouds and can also be used to derive ice water content (IWC). The WCM-2000 measures LWC and TWC from 0 to 10 grams per cubic meter and has a typical data rate of 1 Hz.
The Differential Absorption Carbon monOxide Measurements (DACOM) is an airborne in situ spectrometer system. It uses the differential absorption technique and an infrared tunable diode laser (TDL) to measure atmospheric concentrations of nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and methane (CH4). DACOM operates at 4.7, 4.5, and 3.3 μm to access absorption lines of CO, N2O, and CH4. It has a measurement frequency of 5 Hz and a precision of about 1 ppbv.
The Nucleation-mode Aerosol Size Spectrometer (NMASS) is an airborne, in situ spectrometer that measures particle size distribution and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). NMASS includes five parallel condensation nucleus counters (CNCs) that sample particles from 3 to 60 nm in diameter. It can be mounted on various aircraft and is ideal for sampling cirrus clouds in the upper atmosphere. NMASS provides rapid measurements with a temporal resolution of 10 Hz.
The Diode Laser Hygrometer (DLH) is an in situ airborne hygrometer developed by NASA’s Langley Research Center (LaRC). It uses tunable diode laser absorption to detect atmospheric water vapor. DLH operates in the near-infrared at about 1.4 μm and has a measurement frequency of 100 Hz. It can deliver precise water vapor measurements even when flying through clouds.
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Water Vapor
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Water Vapor > Water Vapor Indicators > Water Vapor
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Water Vapor > Water Vapor Indicators > Humidity > Relative Humidity
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Water Vapor > Water Vapor Indicators > Humidity
The Ultra-High Sensitivity Aerosol Spectrometer (UHSAS), developed by Droplet Measurement Technologies, is an in situ spectrometer that can be deployed on airborne and ground-based platforms to measure aerosol size distribution and concentration. It determines particle size by detecting peak light signals from aerosol particles illuminated by a 1054 nm laser. It samples particles in the 60–1000 nm size range and operates at a sampling frequency of 10 Hz.
The Fast Cloud Droplet Probe (FCDP) is an in situ airborne cloud probe manufactured by SPEC Inc. The FCDP measures cloud droplet concentration and size by detecting light scattered by particles. It detects particles with diameters from 1.5 to 50 microns and typically records measurements at 1 Hz.
Nephelometers are in situ optical sensors that can be airborne or ground-based. They measure the total scattering and backscattering of atmospheric aerosol particles. Nephelometers operate at three wavelengths: 450 nm, 550 nm, and 700 nm, with a typical time resolution of 1 Hz.
The Particle Soot Absorption Photometer (PSAP) is an in situ airborne photometer manufactured by Radiance Research. It applies Beer's Law to measure changes in light transmission caused by aerosol particles. These measurements help determine aerosol absorption and extinction. The PSAP operates at three wavelengths (467, 530, and 660 nm) and has a 1-second time resolution. It is typically deployed on aircraft but can also be used on ships and vehicles.
The Land, Vegetation, and Ice Sensor (LVIS) is an airborne imaging lidar developed and operated by Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). It creates topographic maps and examines the vertical structure of vegetation and ice. It operates at a wavelength of 1064 nm and supports pulse repetition rates up to 500 Hz. LVIS has a swath width of 2 km and a horizontal resolution of 20 m at a flight altitude of 10 km.
The Particles in the Upper Troposphere/Lower Stratosphere (PUTLS) is an in situ airborne instrument suite. It consists of three instruments: a Nucleation Mode Aerosol Size Spectrometer (NMASS), an Ultra-High Sensitivity Aerosol Spectrometer (UHSAS), and a Portable Optical Particle Spectrometer (POPS). It measures aerosol number concentration and size distribution in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. PUTLS measures particles from 4 to 3000 nm in diameter and operates at a measurement frequency of 1 Hz.
The Langley Aerosol Research Group Experiment (LARGE) is an in situ airborne instrument suite that measures aerosol and cloud microphysical and optical properties, including size distribution, number concentration, and scattering and absorption coefficients. LARGE includes the Ultra-High Sensitivity Aerosol Spectrometer (UHSAS), Particle-Into-Liquid Sampler (PILS), Particle Soot Absorption Photometer (PSAP), Cloud and Aerosol Spectrometer (CAS), Cloud Imaging Probe (CIP), and additional cloud and aerosol sensors. The LARGE instruments operate over the 450-700 nm wavelength range, detect particles from 0.003 to 20 μm, and measure at 1 Hz. It is primarily used for airborne measurements but can also be deployed on ground-based platforms, such as vehicles.
The Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) is an in situ spectrometer developed by Aerodyne Research. It uses quadrupole mass spectrometry to measure aerosol chemical composition and properties. It detects particles from 40 nm to 1 micron in size and offers a time resolution of up to 10 Hz. It can be installed on aircraft, research vessels, mobile laboratories, or other ground-based platforms.
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Aerosols > Chemical Composition
The Printed Optical Particle Spectrometer (POPS) is an in situ spectrometer that measures particle size and concentration. POPS can be mounted on UAVs or balloons to collect vertical aerosol particle profiles. Operating at a typical wavelength of 405 nm, POPS provides measurements roughly every second and detects particles from 140 nm to 3000 nm.
Earth Science > Human Dimensions > Public Health > Environmental Health Factors > Particulate Matter Concentrations
The Airborne Visible InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer—Next Generation (AVIRIS-NG) is an airborne imaging spectrometer developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). It captures visible and infrared imagery primarily for terrestrial ecology research. It operates from 380 to 2510 nm with a spectral resolution of 5 nm. It has a horizontal resolution of 8 m and a swath width of 4 km at an altitude of 8 km. Its measurement frequency is 100 Hz. It was designed to replace the AVIRIS Classic (AVIRIS-C).
The High Altitude Lidar Observatory (HALO) is an airborne lidar system developed by NASA's Langley Research Center. HALO operates at four wavelengths (1645, 1064, 935, and 532 nm) and combines Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) and High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) to measure lidar backscatter and depolarization ratio. It provides vertical profiles of aerosol and cloud optical properties, atmospheric water vapor, and methane at a data rate of 2 Hz. HALO has a nominal spatial resolution of 12 km horizontally and 315 m vertically at an altitude of 10 km.
Earth Science > Spectral/engineering > Lidar > Lidar Depolarization Ratio
The High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) is an airborne lidar system developed at NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC). It uses the HSRL technique at 532 nm and the standard backscatter technique at 1064 nm to provide profiles of aerosol backscatter, extinction, and depolarization. Aerosol backscatter and depolarization profiles typically have a vertical resolution of 30 m and a horizontal resolution of about 1 km. Extinction profiles have a vertical resolution of 300 m and a horizontal resolution of approximately 6 km. HSRL is usually flown during investigations to validate observations from the CALIPSO spaceborne lidar.
Earth Science > Spectral/engineering > Lidar > Lidar Depolarization Ratio
The Airborne Vertical Atmospheric Profiling System (AVAPS) is an airborne system that uses dropsondes and Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers to collect in situ atmospheric profiles. It provides temperature, pressure, and humidity measurements at 0.5-second intervals and wind data at 0.25-second intervals. AVAPS has a vertical resolution of about 10 meters and can launch dropsondes every 20 seconds. Developed by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) for the NASA Global Hawk, it can also be used on other aircraft, such as the DC-8 and P-3.
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Water Vapor > Water Vapor Indicators > Humidity
Ceilometers are ground-based remote-sensing instruments that measure cloud ceilings and vertical visibility. They use a laser or another light source to detect backscatter from clouds, precipitation, and aerosols. Ceilometers provide detailed, precise measurements in all weather conditions and are cost-effective to operate. They are commonly used in boundary-layer and cloud research.
Generic-Atmospheric State (Gen-AtmsState) refers to non-specific instruments on a platform that measure atmospheric state parameters. These are typically in situ sensors that measure temperature, pressure, humidity, and wind speed and direction. Types of atmospheric state instruments include thermometers, hygrometers, barometers, and anemometers.
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Water Vapor
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Pressure
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Water Vapor > Water Vapor Indicators > Humidity
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Temperature > Surface Temperature > Air Temperature
A pyrometer is a remote-sensing infrared thermometer that measures the temperature of distant objects by detecting their thermal radiation. It can be mounted on aircraft, ground vehicles, or water-based platforms for surface and sea-surface temperature observations. For atmospheric studies, the pyrometer usually operates in the 9.6 to 11.5 µm spectral range and has a temperature range of -25 to 200 degrees Celsius. Pyrometers typically have a response time between 5 milliseconds and 600 seconds.
Earth Science > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Sea Surface Temperature
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Temperature > Surface Temperature > Skin Temperature
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Temperature > Surface Temperature
Earth Science > Spectral/engineering > Infrared Wavelengths > Brightness Temperature
Generic-Radiometers refer to non-specific radiometers on a platform. These are typically passive microwave radiometers that measure brightness temperature. Radiometers can be used to retrieve temperature and water vapor profiles, soil moisture content, ocean salinity, precipitation and cloud properties, and vegetation.
Earth Science > Spectral/engineering > Microwave > Brightness Temperature
Sunphotometers are passive optical sensors that measure the amount of sunlight. They are pointed directly at the sun to measure direct sunlight, not sunlight scattered by aerosols. These measurements can be used to determine aerosol optical depth by applying Beer’s Law. Sunphotometers have been deployed on aircraft, research vessels, and field sites for aerosol research and monitoring.
The AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) is a federated network of ground-based remote sensing aerosol sensors established in 1993 by NASA and the PHOtométrie pour le Traitement Opérationnel de Normalisation Satellitaire (PHOTONS). Each AERONET site includes a CIMEL Electronique sunphotometer that measures solar irradiance and sky radiances. These measurements are used to determine aerosol properties, including aerosol optical depth and extinction. The sunphotometers operate at nine wavelengths (340, 380, 440, 500, 675, 870, 937, 1020, and 1640 nm) and provide aerosol data approximately every 15 minutes. AERONET sites are distributed worldwide, enabling mapping of about 90% of the Earth’s surface.
The Micro Rain Radar (MRR) is a ground-based, vertically oriented, continuous-wave K-band (24.23 GHz) radar that measures precipitation parameters, such as liquid water content and rain rate, from near ground level to the lower troposphere. The backscatter captured by the MRR’s antenna can determine precipitation size distributions ranging from 0.25 mm to 4.53 mm and can also calculate the Doppler frequency shift of falling precipitation to determine its velocity. Additional uses of the MRR include identifying bright bands, nowcasting precipitation, and tracking chemical transport during precipitation events. It has a range resolution of 10 to 200 meters and a sampling time of 10 seconds.
Radiosondes are balloon-borne instrument packages that collect profiles of pressure, temperature, humidity, and wind. These sensors are connected to a radio transmitter that sends the measurements to a ground receiver, typically operating in the 400-406 MHz range. They typically provide measurements every 1-6 seconds, depending on the radiosonde type and manufacturer. Radiosondes are used for weather forecasting, ground-truthing satellite data, atmospheric research, and as input for weather prediction models.
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Water Vapor > Water Vapor Profiles
The Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FSSP) is an in situ airborne optical particle counter developed by Particle Measuring Systems, Inc. It determines particle size distribution by measuring the light intensity scattered by individual particles within a cloud. The FSSP detects particles from 0.5 to 47 μm in diameter. It operates at a wavelength of 633 nm and typically samples at 1 Hz.
The Fast Cloud Droplet Probe (FCDP) is an in situ airborne cloud probe manufactured by SPEC Inc. The FCDP measures cloud droplet concentration and size by detecting light scattered by particles. It detects particles with diameters from 1.5 to 50 microns and typically records measurements at 1 Hz.
The 2D-Stereo Particle Probe (2D-S) is an in situ airborne optical imaging device developed by SPEC Inc. It uses two diode-laser beams to create stereo images of cloud particles via linear-array shadowing. These images enable determination of cloud particle size distribution, particle number concentration, and ice or liquid water content. 2D-S has a resolution of 10 µm and can measure hydrometeors from 25 to 1280 µm.
The High Volume Precipitation Spectrometer (HVPS) is an in situ airborne particle imager manufactured by SPEC Inc. It uses a 128-photodiode array to capture images of precipitation particles. These images can be used to determine particle shape, size, and concentration. HVPS-3 has a pixel resolution of 150 μm and a maximum field of view of 1.92 cm.
The Ka-Band Probe Radar (KPR) is a compact, airborne radar system developed by ProSensing Inc. It measures radar reflectivity, Doppler velocity, and spectrum width profiles at 35.6 GHz. It offers selectable range resolutions of 30, 75, 100, or 150 meters and a data rate of 5 Hz. KPR includes a pair of 14 cm flat-plate arrays with a 4.5-degree beam width. It is installed on the aircraft in a standard Particle Measurement Systems (PMS) canister.
Generic-Atmospheric State (Gen-AtmsState) refers to non-specific instruments on a platform that measure atmospheric state parameters. These are typically in situ sensors that measure temperature, pressure, humidity, and wind speed and direction. Types of atmospheric state instruments include thermometers, hygrometers, barometers, and anemometers.
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Water Vapor
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Pressure
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Water Vapor > Water Vapor Indicators > Humidity
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Temperature > Surface Temperature > Air Temperature
The Nevzorov Probe is an in situ airborne hot-wire probe that measures clouds' liquid water content (LWC) and total water content (TWC). It determines LWC and TWC by detecting heat loss from its two sensors due to evaporation of cloud water and convective heat losses. Operating at a constant temperature of 90 degrees Celsius, it can measure LWC and TWC in the range of 0.005-3 grams per cubic meter. The Nevzorov Probe provides measurements every second with an accuracy of 10%.
