Oceans Melting Greenland

The Multibeam Echo Sounder System (MBES) is an active sonar device that collects bathymetric measurements. MBES works by sending out a sound pulse and detecting objects in the water through the returning echoes. It records the time and angle of each echo to produce a high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) map of the seafloor. High-frequency systems (100-1000 kHz) are usually used in shallow waters and can operate in depths as shallow as 1 meter. Lower-frequency systems (10-70 kHz) are suitable for deeper waters (more than 10 km deep) and can be mounted on large research ships.

The Airborne Expendable Conductivity Temperature Depth Probe (AXCTD) is an in situ expendable CTD sensor that is deployed from an aircraft. AXCTDs are released from the aircraft into the ocean, where they release a CTD probe to collect measurements of conductivity and temperature up to a depth of 1000 meters. These measurements are sent to the aircraft by radio operating in the 170-173 MHz frequency range. AXCTDs have a typical sampling rate of about 4 Hz and have a vertical resolution of less than 1 meter.

The Multibeam Echo Sounder System (MBES) is an active sonar device that collects bathymetric measurements. MBES works by sending out a sound pulse and detecting objects in the water through the returning echoes. It records the time and angle of each echo to produce a high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) map of the seafloor. High-frequency systems (100-1000 kHz) are usually used in shallow waters and can operate in depths as shallow as 1 meter. Lower-frequency systems (10-70 kHz) are suitable for deeper waters (more than 10 km deep) and can be mounted on large research ships.

Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth (CTD) sensors are in situ instruments used to measure water depth, pressure, salinity, temperature, and density in the ocean. CTD sensors can be deployed on various water-based platforms such as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), buoys, gliders, or research vessels. When mounted on a vessel, CTD sensors are usually attached to a rosette and then lowered to the seafloor to record water properties. These sensors typically sample at 30 Hz and can provide accurate measurements at specific water depths according to the researcher's needs.

The Airborne Expendable Conductivity Temperature Depth Probe (AXCTD) is an in situ expendable CTD sensor that is deployed from an aircraft. AXCTDs are released from the aircraft into the ocean, where they release a CTD probe to collect measurements of conductivity and temperature up to a depth of 1000 meters. These measurements are sent to the aircraft by radio operating in the 170-173 MHz frequency range. AXCTDs have a typical sampling rate of about 4 Hz and have a vertical resolution of less than 1 meter.

Generic-Atmospheric State (Gen-AtmsState) refers to non-specific instruments on a platform used for measurements of atmospheric state parameters. These are typically in situ sensors that measure temperature, pressure, humidity, and wind speed/direction. Types of atmospheric state instruments include thermometers, hygrometers, barometers, and anemometers.

Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth (CTD) sensors are in situ instruments used to measure water depth, pressure, salinity, temperature, and density in the ocean. CTD sensors can be deployed on various water-based platforms such as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), buoys, gliders, or research vessels. When mounted on a vessel, CTD sensors are usually attached to a rosette and then lowered to the seafloor to record water properties. These sensors typically sample at 30 Hz and can provide accurate measurements at specific water depths according to the researcher's needs.

The Multibeam Echo Sounder System (MBES) is an active sonar device that collects bathymetric measurements. MBES works by sending out a sound pulse and detecting objects in the water through the returning echoes. It records the time and angle of each echo to produce a high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) map of the seafloor. High-frequency systems (100-1000 kHz) are usually used in shallow waters and can operate in depths as shallow as 1 meter. Lower-frequency systems (10-70 kHz) are suitable for deeper waters (more than 10 km deep) and can be mounted on large research ships.

Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth (CTD) sensors are in situ instruments used to measure water depth, pressure, salinity, temperature, and density in the ocean. CTD sensors can be deployed on various water-based platforms such as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), buoys, gliders, or research vessels. When mounted on a vessel, CTD sensors are usually attached to a rosette and then lowered to the seafloor to record water properties. These sensors typically sample at 30 Hz and can provide accurate measurements at specific water depths according to the researcher's needs.

Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth (CTD) sensors are in situ instruments used to measure water depth, pressure, salinity, temperature, and density in the ocean. CTD sensors can be deployed on various water-based platforms such as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), buoys, gliders, or research vessels. When mounted on a vessel, CTD sensors are usually attached to a rosette and then lowered to the seafloor to record water properties. These sensors typically sample at 30 Hz and can provide accurate measurements at specific water depths according to the researcher's needs.

Singlebeam Echo Sounder System (SBES) is an in situ acoustic sensor used to measure the water depth to the seafloor. SBES determines the water depth by measuring the travel time of a sonar signal in two directions. SBES operate at a single frequency in the 24-33 kHz range for deeper water surveys and the 200-400 kHz range for shallow water surveys. SBES can operate in water depths under 100 meters up to 6,000 meters.

The Multibeam Echo Sounder System (MBES) is an active sonar device that collects bathymetric measurements. MBES works by sending out a sound pulse and detecting objects in the water through the returning echoes. It records the time and angle of each echo to produce a high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) map of the seafloor. High-frequency systems (100-1000 kHz) are usually used in shallow waters and can operate in depths as shallow as 1 meter. Lower-frequency systems (10-70 kHz) are suitable for deeper waters (more than 10 km deep) and can be mounted on large research ships.

Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth (CTD) sensors are in situ instruments used to measure water depth, pressure, salinity, temperature, and density in the ocean. CTD sensors can be deployed on various water-based platforms such as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), buoys, gliders, or research vessels. When mounted on a vessel, CTD sensors are usually attached to a rosette and then lowered to the seafloor to record water properties. These sensors typically sample at 30 Hz and can provide accurate measurements at specific water depths according to the researcher's needs.

The Airborne Expendable Conductivity Temperature Depth Probe (AXCTD) is an in situ expendable CTD sensor that is deployed from an aircraft. AXCTDs are released from the aircraft into the ocean, where they release a CTD probe to collect measurements of conductivity and temperature up to a depth of 1000 meters. These measurements are sent to the aircraft by radio operating in the 170-173 MHz frequency range. AXCTDs have a typical sampling rate of about 4 Hz and have a vertical resolution of less than 1 meter.

The Airborne eXpendable BathyThermograph (AXBT) is an in situ sensor that measures ocean temperature and conductivity. It is deployed from an aircraft using a small parachute and floats to the ocean surface after impact. The floating portion of the instrument then releases a probe into the ocean that collects profile measurements to a depth of about 1000 meters. AXBT has a vertical descent of about 1.5 meters per second.

Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth (CTD) sensors are in situ instruments used to measure water depth, pressure, salinity, temperature, and density in the ocean. CTD sensors can be deployed on various water-based platforms such as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), buoys, gliders, or research vessels. When mounted on a vessel, CTD sensors are usually attached to a rosette and then lowered to the seafloor to record water properties. These sensors typically sample at 30 Hz and can provide accurate measurements at specific water depths according to the researcher's needs.

The Multibeam Echo Sounder System (MBES) is an active sonar device that collects bathymetric measurements. MBES works by sending out a sound pulse and detecting objects in the water through the returning echoes. It records the time and angle of each echo to produce a high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) map of the seafloor. High-frequency systems (100-1000 kHz) are usually used in shallow waters and can operate in depths as shallow as 1 meter. Lower-frequency systems (10-70 kHz) are suitable for deeper waters (more than 10 km deep) and can be mounted on large research ships.

The Airborne Inertially Referenced Gravimeter (AIRGrav) is an airborne gravimeter developed by Sanders Geophysics Limited. It uses three orthogonal accelerometers mounted on an inertially stabilized platform to measure gravity and gravity anomalies. AIRGrav is primarily used for gravity surveys in gas and oil-producing regions, but it has also been employed in surveys over polar and coastal areas. AIRGrav offers a typical spatial resolution of 2 km and collects data at a rate of 128 Hz.

The Airborne Glacier and Land Ice Surface Topography Interferometer (GLISTIN-A) is an airborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar. GLISTIN-A operates in the Ka-band (35.6 GHz), which allows the instrument to penetrate the top layers of snow and reduces atmospheric attenuation. GLISTIN-A provides measurements of glacial and land ice surface topography and elevation with a spatial resolution of about 3 meters. It is ideal for measuring ice sheet elevation and studying glacial topographic changes due to its high spatial resolution and accuracy.

The Airborne Expendable Conductivity Temperature Depth Probe (AXCTD) is an in situ expendable CTD sensor that is deployed from an aircraft. AXCTDs are released from the aircraft into the ocean, where they release a CTD probe to collect measurements of conductivity and temperature up to a depth of 1000 meters. These measurements are sent to the aircraft by radio operating in the 170-173 MHz frequency range. AXCTDs have a typical sampling rate of about 4 Hz and have a vertical resolution of less than 1 meter.

Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth (CTD) sensors are in situ instruments used to measure water depth, pressure, salinity, temperature, and density in the ocean. CTD sensors can be deployed on various water-based platforms such as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), buoys, gliders, or research vessels. When mounted on a vessel, CTD sensors are usually attached to a rosette and then lowered to the seafloor to record water properties. These sensors typically sample at 30 Hz and can provide accurate measurements at specific water depths according to the researcher's needs.

The Multibeam Echo Sounder System (MBES) is an active sonar device that collects bathymetric measurements. MBES works by sending out a sound pulse and detecting objects in the water through the returning echoes. It records the time and angle of each echo to produce a high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) map of the seafloor. High-frequency systems (100-1000 kHz) are usually used in shallow waters and can operate in depths as shallow as 1 meter. Lower-frequency systems (10-70 kHz) are suitable for deeper waters (more than 10 km deep) and can be mounted on large research ships.