Sub-Mesoscale Ocean Dynamics Experiment

The Modular Aerial Sensing System (MASS) is a remote sensing airborne instrument suite operated by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego. It comprises an airborne topographic lidar, hyperspectral camera, longwave infrared (LWIR) camera, infrared pyrometer, and video and digital camera systems. The lidar maps ocean and land surface topography at the 1550 nm wavelength at 400 kHz repetition rate with a spatial resolution of 50 cm at an altitude of 915 m. The hyperspectral camera is a pushbroom imager operating in the 400-1000 nm spectral range with a resolution of 66 cm. The LWIR camera operates in the 7.5-9.5 μm spectral range with a resolution of 1.06 m or 1.76 m, depending on the scan angle. Video and digital cameras provide imagery at a resolution of 36 cm and 16 cm, respectively. The pyrometer operates in the 9.6-11.5 μm spectral range and provides temperature measurements at a rate of 30 Hz.

The Portable Remote Imaging Spectrometer (PRISM) is an airborne push-broom spectrometer developed at Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). PRISM was designed to provide the necessary spectral, spatial, and temporal resolution to characterize events in coastal zones that satellite observations cannot offer. The spectrometer within PRISM operates in the near-ultraviolet to near-infrared range (350-1050 nm) to capture imagery over coastal ocean regions. PRISM also includes a two-channel radiometer operating in the shortwave infrared (1240 and 1640 nm) wavelengths to deliver accurate ocean color measurements. It features a high temporal resolution (167 Hz) and can fly below cloud cover at various altitudes, enabling it to resolve spatial features down to 30 cm.

The Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) is an in situ acoustic sensor used to measure ocean currents. ADCP utilizes the Doppler effect to detect sound waves, providing measurements of the speed and direction of currents throughout the water column. It can be easily mounted on various water platforms such as ships, buoys, and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). Additionally, it can be deployed on the seafloor to deliver profile measurements of ocean currents.

Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth (CTD) sensors are in situ instrument packages used to measure water depth, pressure, salinity, temperature, and density in the ocean. CTD sensors can be deployed on various water-based platforms such as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), buoys, gliders, or research vessels. When deployed on a vessel, CTD sensors are typically attached to a rosette and then lowered to the seafloor to measure water properties. CTD sensors have a typical sampling rate of 30 Hz and can collect precise measurements at specific water depths based on the researcher's needs.

Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth (CTD) sensors are in situ instrument packages used to measure water depth, pressure, salinity, temperature, and density in the ocean. CTD sensors can be deployed on various water-based platforms such as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), buoys, gliders, or research vessels. When deployed on a vessel, CTD sensors are typically attached to a rosette and then lowered to the seafloor to measure water properties. CTD sensors have a typical sampling rate of 30 Hz and can collect precise measurements at specific water depths based on the researcher's needs.

The Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) is an in situ acoustic sensor used to measure ocean currents. ADCP utilizes the Doppler effect to detect sound waves, providing measurements of the speed and direction of currents throughout the water column. It can be easily mounted on various water platforms such as ships, buoys, and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). Additionally, it can be deployed on the seafloor to deliver profile measurements of ocean currents.

The Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) is an in situ acoustic sensor used to measure ocean currents. ADCP utilizes the Doppler effect to detect sound waves, providing measurements of the speed and direction of currents throughout the water column. It can be easily mounted on various water platforms such as ships, buoys, and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). Additionally, it can be deployed on the seafloor to deliver profile measurements of ocean currents.

Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth (CTD) sensors are in situ instrument packages used to measure water depth, pressure, salinity, temperature, and density in the ocean. CTD sensors can be deployed on various water-based platforms such as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), buoys, gliders, or research vessels. When deployed on a vessel, CTD sensors are typically attached to a rosette and then lowered to the seafloor to measure water properties. CTD sensors have a typical sampling rate of 30 Hz and can collect precise measurements at specific water depths based on the researcher's needs.

Generic-Atmospheric State (Gen-AtmsState) refers to non-specific instruments on a platform used for measurements of atmospheric state parameters. These are typically in situ sensors that measure temperature, pressure, humidity, and wind speed/direction. Types of atmospheric state instruments include thermometers, hygrometers, barometers, and anemometers.

Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth (CTD) sensors are in situ instrument packages used to measure water depth, pressure, salinity, temperature, and density in the ocean. CTD sensors can be deployed on various water-based platforms such as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), buoys, gliders, or research vessels. When deployed on a vessel, CTD sensors are typically attached to a rosette and then lowered to the seafloor to measure water properties. CTD sensors have a typical sampling rate of 30 Hz and can collect precise measurements at specific water depths based on the researcher's needs.

The Underwater Vision Profiler (UVP) is an underwater camera manufactured by Hydroptic. It collects imagery to count and size large particles (>100 µm) and plankton. The camera operates at the 635 nm wavelength and has an image frequency of 1.3 Hz for the low-power version and 20 Hz for the high-frequency version. UVP provides imagery with a 5mp resolution and has a field of view of 180 by 151 mm. UVP can be deployed on profiling floats, gliders, moorings, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs).

Generic-Radiometers refer to non-specific radiometers on a platform. These are typically passive microwave radiometers that measure brightness temperature. Radiometers can be used to retrieve temperature and water vapor profiles, soil moisture content, ocean salinity, precipitation and cloud properties, and vegetation.

The Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) is an in situ acoustic sensor used to measure ocean currents. ADCP utilizes the Doppler effect to detect sound waves, providing measurements of the speed and direction of currents throughout the water column. It can be easily mounted on various water platforms such as ships, buoys, and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). Additionally, it can be deployed on the seafloor to deliver profile measurements of ocean currents.

Fluorometers are water-based sensors that measure patterns of fluorescence. They provide measurements of chlorophyll-a fluorescence, optical backscatter, and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in seawater. They are typical used to asses chlorophyll concentrations to determine phytoplankton concentrations in the ocean. Fluorometers can be deployed on research vessels, buoys, autonomous underwater vehicles, and other water-based platforms.

Radiosondes are a balloon-borne instrument package used to collect profile measurements of pressure, temperature, humidity, and winds. These sensors are connected to a radio transmitter that sends the measurements to a ground receiver typically operating in the 400-406 MHz range. They typically provide measurements at 1-6 seconds, depending on the type and manufacturer of the radiosonde. Radiosondes are used for weather forecasting, ground truth satellite data, atmospheric research, and input for weather prediction models.

Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth (CTD) sensors are in situ instrument packages used to measure water depth, pressure, salinity, temperature, and density in the ocean. CTD sensors can be deployed on various water-based platforms such as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), buoys, gliders, or research vessels. When deployed on a vessel, CTD sensors are typically attached to a rosette and then lowered to the seafloor to measure water properties. CTD sensors have a typical sampling rate of 30 Hz and can collect precise measurements at specific water depths based on the researcher's needs.

Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth (CTD) sensors are in situ instrument packages used to measure water depth, pressure, salinity, temperature, and density in the ocean. CTD sensors can be deployed on various water-based platforms such as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), buoys, gliders, or research vessels. When deployed on a vessel, CTD sensors are typically attached to a rosette and then lowered to the seafloor to measure water properties. CTD sensors have a typical sampling rate of 30 Hz and can collect precise measurements at specific water depths based on the researcher's needs.

The Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) is an in situ acoustic sensor used to measure ocean currents. ADCP utilizes the Doppler effect to detect sound waves, providing measurements of the speed and direction of currents throughout the water column. It can be easily mounted on various water platforms such as ships, buoys, and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). Additionally, it can be deployed on the seafloor to deliver profile measurements of ocean currents.

Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth (CTD) sensors are in situ instrument packages used to measure water depth, pressure, salinity, temperature, and density in the ocean. CTD sensors can be deployed on various water-based platforms such as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), buoys, gliders, or research vessels. When deployed on a vessel, CTD sensors are typically attached to a rosette and then lowered to the seafloor to measure water properties. CTD sensors have a typical sampling rate of 30 Hz and can collect precise measurements at specific water depths based on the researcher's needs.

Generic-Atmospheric State (Gen-AtmsState) refers to non-specific instruments on a platform used for measurements of atmospheric state parameters. These are typically in situ sensors that measure temperature, pressure, humidity, and wind speed/direction. Types of atmospheric state instruments include thermometers, hygrometers, barometers, and anemometers.

Generic-Radiometers refer to non-specific radiometers on a platform. These are typically passive microwave radiometers that measure brightness temperature. Radiometers can be used to retrieve temperature and water vapor profiles, soil moisture content, ocean salinity, precipitation and cloud properties, and vegetation.

The Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) is an in situ acoustic sensor used to measure ocean currents. ADCP utilizes the Doppler effect to detect sound waves, providing measurements of the speed and direction of currents throughout the water column. It can be easily mounted on various water platforms such as ships, buoys, and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). Additionally, it can be deployed on the seafloor to deliver profile measurements of ocean currents.

Fluorometers are water-based sensors that measure patterns of fluorescence. They provide measurements of chlorophyll-a fluorescence, optical backscatter, and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in seawater. They are typical used to asses chlorophyll concentrations to determine phytoplankton concentrations in the ocean. Fluorometers can be deployed on research vessels, buoys, autonomous underwater vehicles, and other water-based platforms.

Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth (CTD) sensors are in situ instrument packages used to measure water depth, pressure, salinity, temperature, and density in the ocean. CTD sensors can be deployed on various water-based platforms such as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), buoys, gliders, or research vessels. When deployed on a vessel, CTD sensors are typically attached to a rosette and then lowered to the seafloor to measure water properties. CTD sensors have a typical sampling rate of 30 Hz and can collect precise measurements at specific water depths based on the researcher's needs.

Generic-Atmospheric State (Gen-AtmsState) refers to non-specific instruments on a platform used for measurements of atmospheric state parameters. These are typically in situ sensors that measure temperature, pressure, humidity, and wind speed/direction. Types of atmospheric state instruments include thermometers, hygrometers, barometers, and anemometers.

Generic-Radiometers refer to non-specific radiometers on a platform. These are typically passive microwave radiometers that measure brightness temperature. Radiometers can be used to retrieve temperature and water vapor profiles, soil moisture content, ocean salinity, precipitation and cloud properties, and vegetation.

The Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) is an in situ acoustic sensor used to measure ocean currents. ADCP utilizes the Doppler effect to detect sound waves, providing measurements of the speed and direction of currents throughout the water column. It can be easily mounted on various water platforms such as ships, buoys, and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). Additionally, it can be deployed on the seafloor to deliver profile measurements of ocean currents.

The Submersible Ultraviolet Nitrate Analyzer (SUNA) is an optical sensor manufactured by Sea-Bird Scientific. It measures nitrate levels by detecting absorption in the ultraviolet light spectrum (190-370 nm). SUNA typically has a depth rating of 500 meters, with some models rated for 2000 meters for deep ocean monitoring. It is deployed from research vessels, floats, gliders, and other water-based platforms.

Fluorometers are water-based sensors that measure patterns of fluorescence. They provide measurements of chlorophyll-a fluorescence, optical backscatter, and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in seawater. They are typical used to asses chlorophyll concentrations to determine phytoplankton concentrations in the ocean. Fluorometers can be deployed on research vessels, buoys, autonomous underwater vehicles, and other water-based platforms.