Learjet
SPEC Inc. Learjet 25

The Johnson-Williams Cloud Water Meter (CWM) is an airborne hot wire probe designed by Johnson-Williams, Inc. The CWM measures the liquid water content (LWC) of clouds using an electrical circuit that detects resistivity changes caused by cloud droplets evaporating from an exposed heated wire. It can measure LWC levels from 0 to 6 grams per cubic meter and operates at airspeeds between 50 and 150 meters per second. The device runs on a constant current and usually records data at 2 Hz.

Generic-Atmospheric State (Gen-AtmsState) refers to non-specific instruments on a platform used for measurements of atmospheric state parameters. These are typically in situ sensors that measure temperature, pressure, humidity, and wind speed/direction. Types of atmospheric state instruments include thermometers, hygrometers, barometers, and anemometers.

Rosemount Pressure Probes are in situ airborne pressure sensors manufactured by Rosemount, Inc. They provide high-precision atmospheric pressure measurements and are typically used to gather flight-level meteorological observations. Rosemount Pressure Probes consist of various pressure transducers, gauges, and multivariable and coplanar transmitters.

The Cryogenic Hygrometer (CRYO) is an in situ airborne hygrometer manufactured by Buck Research Instruments. It is a cryogenically cooled, chilled mirror hygrometer technique to measure the dew point or frost point temperature. These measurements are used to determine the water vapor mixing ratio. CRYO has a measurement range of -120 to 30 degrees Celsius and a typical response time of 10-20 seconds. It has an accuracy of 0.15 degrees Celsius.

Dropsondes, also known as dropwindsondes, are in situ instruments designed to be released from aircraft. They are equipped with Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers and sensors to collect profile measurements of pressure, temperature, humidity, wind speed, and wind direction. Dropsondes are important during field investigations because they enable researchers to collect vertical profiles in remote locations and during severe weather conditions. Typically, dropsondes have a vertical resolution of 5 meters and provide wind speed and direction measurements every 0.25 seconds, while temperature, pressure, and humidity are recorded every 0.5 seconds.

Generic-Radiometers refer to non-specific radiometers on a platform. These are typically passive microwave radiometers that measure brightness temperature. Radiometers can be used to retrieve temperature and water vapor profiles, soil moisture content, ocean salinity, precipitation and cloud properties, and vegetation.

The Total Direct Diffuse Radiometer (TDDR) is a passive radiometer that measures solar irradiance. It can be used for airborne and ground-based operations. TDDR measures total and diffuse irradiance by rotating a shadow arm before the radiometer. These measurements can be used to calculate the direct solar irradiance. TDDR operates across the 0.38-1.6 μm spectral range with a 0.01 μm bandwidth.

Digital cameras are used to provide imagery for research applications. Cameras are used on aircraft to collect aerial imagery for mapping and surveying, environmental monitoring, cloud observations, agriculture, geological studies, and other Earth science applications. They are also used at field sites to capture visual observations to monitor changes in land cover, vegetation, clouds, air quality, glaciers, and other phenomena.

Rosemount Temperature Probes are in situ airborne temperature sensors manufactured by Rosemount, Inc. They provide atmospheric temperature measurements and are typically used to collect flight-level meteorological observations. Rosemount Temperature Probes consist of temperature transmitters, thermocouple sensors, resistance temperature detectors, and other temperature sensors.

Generic-Micophysics Probes (Gen-Microphysics) refer to non-specific cloud probes on a platform used to measure cloud microphysics. These are typically in situ probes that measure the physical properties of clouds. These measurements can include particle size distribution, droplet growth, cloud optical thickness, liquid water content, droplet concentration, and cloud condensation nuclei.

Broadband Radiometers (BBR) are modified versions of the Kipp & Zonen CM-22 pyranometers and CG-4 pyrgeometers. They have been adapted for use on airborne platforms through different instrument housing and signal amplification. BBR measures solar irradiance in the 0.2-3.6 μm wavelength range and infrared (IR) irradiance in the 4.5-42 μm range. These measurements can be used to derive net irradiance, radiative forcing, absorption, and albedo. It has a typical sampling rate of 1 Hz and a hemispheric field of view.

The Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FSSP) is an in situ airborne optical particle counter initially developed by Particle Measuring Systems, Inc. It determines particle size distribution by measuring the light intensity scattered by individual particles within the cloud. FSSP can detect particles ranging from 0.5 to 47 μm in diameter. It functions at a wavelength of 633 nm and typically samples at a rate of 1 Hz.

The 2D-C/P Hydrometeor Imaging Probe (2D-C/P) is an in situ, airborne instrument that captures images of hydrometeors. It records these images by detecting the illuminated or shadowed states of the photodiode array as the shadow of the hydrometeors passes over. 2D-C/P also offers measurements of particle size distribution, cloud droplet concentration, and hydrometeor shape. Typically, 2D-C/P probes have an image resolution of 25 micrometers and can image hydrometeors with diameters up to 1600 micrometers.

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Video cameras capture video recordings of various phenomena for research purposes. They are used on aircraft to provide continuous views of weather and terrain below the flight path. Video cameras are also employed to verify the aircraft's flight track. Additionally, they are deployed at field sites to monitor changes in vegetation, land cover, clouds, air quality, glaciers, and other Earth science phenomena.

The Gas and Aerosol Measurement Sensor/Langley Airborne A-Band Spectrometer (GAMS/LAABS) is an airborne spectrometer system designed at Langley Research Center (LaRC). It is a combination of the GAMS and LAABS instruments and provides line-of-sight (LOS) transmission spectra measurements of aerosols, water vapor, and oxygen compounds. These measurements are used to determine aerosol optical depth. GAMS operates across 1024 spectral channels in the 430 to 1030 spectral range and acquires data at a rate of 180 Hz. LAABS operates across over 800 channels in the 759 to 771 nm spectral range at a resolution of about 0.035 nm and has an integration time of 1.5 seconds.

Generic-Micophysics Probes (Gen-Microphysics) refer to non-specific cloud probes on a platform used to measure cloud microphysics. These are typically in situ probes that measure the physical properties of clouds. These measurements can include particle size distribution, droplet growth, cloud optical thickness, liquid water content, droplet concentration, and cloud condensation nuclei.

The Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FSSP) is an in situ airborne optical particle counter initially developed by Particle Measuring Systems, Inc. It determines particle size distribution by measuring the light intensity scattered by individual particles within the cloud. FSSP can detect particles ranging from 0.5 to 47 μm in diameter. It functions at a wavelength of 633 nm and typically samples at a rate of 1 Hz.

The Fast Cloud Droplet Probe (FCDP) is an in situ airborne cloud probe manufactured by SPEC Inc. The FCDP measures the concentration and size of cloud droplets by detecting light scattered by particles. It detects particles with diameters ranging from 1.5 to 50 microns and typically records measurements at 1 Hz.

The 2D-Stereo Particle Probe (2D-S) is an in situ airborne optical imaging device developed by SPEC Inc. It uses two diode laser beams to create stereo images of cloud particles via linear array shadowing. These images allow for the determination of cloud particle size distribution, particle number concentration, and ice or liquid water content. 2D-S has a resolution of 10 µm and can measure hydrometeors ranging from 25 to 1280 µm.

The High Volume Precipitation Spectrometer (HVPS) is an in situ airborne particle imager manufactured by SPEC Inc. It uses a 128-photodiode array to capture images of precipitation particles. These images can be used to determine the particles' shape, size, and concentration. HVPS-3 has a pixel resolution of 150 μm and a maximum field of view of 1.92 cm.

This description will be added in a future version

Generic-Atmospheric State (Gen-AtmsState) refers to non-specific instruments on a platform used for measurements of atmospheric state parameters. These are typically in situ sensors that measure temperature, pressure, humidity, and wind speed/direction. Types of atmospheric state instruments include thermometers, hygrometers, barometers, and anemometers.

The Nezorov Probe is an in situ airborne hot-wire probe that measures clouds' liquid water content (LWC) and total water content (TWC). It determines LWC and TWC by detecting heat loss from its two sensors caused by evaporation of cloud water and convective heat losses. Operating at a constant temperature of 90 degrees Celsius, it can measure LWC and TWC in the range of 0.005-3 grams per cubic meter. The Nevzorov Probe provides measurements every second with an accuracy of 10%.

Generic-Atmospheric State (Gen-AtmsState) refers to non-specific instruments on a platform used for measurements of atmospheric state parameters. These are typically in situ sensors that measure temperature, pressure, humidity, and wind speed/direction. Types of atmospheric state instruments include thermometers, hygrometers, barometers, and anemometers.

The Cloud Particle Imager (CPI) is an airborne imager developed by SPEC Inc. CPI captures high-resolution (2.3 μm pixel size) images of cloud particles that pass through its sampling volume. It uses a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera operating at 810 nm to record images and can capture up to 74 frames per second with a refresh rate of 40 Hz. The images from CPI can be used to determine microphysical properties such as particle size and shape.

The Fast Cloud Droplet Probe (FCDP) is an in situ airborne cloud probe manufactured by SPEC Inc. The FCDP measures the concentration and size of cloud droplets by detecting light scattered by particles. It detects particles with diameters ranging from 1.5 to 50 microns and typically records measurements at 1 Hz.

The Nezorov Probe is an in situ airborne hot-wire probe that measures clouds' liquid water content (LWC) and total water content (TWC). It determines LWC and TWC by detecting heat loss from its two sensors caused by evaporation of cloud water and convective heat losses. Operating at a constant temperature of 90 degrees Celsius, it can measure LWC and TWC in the range of 0.005-3 grams per cubic meter. The Nevzorov Probe provides measurements every second with an accuracy of 10%.

The Nucleation-mode Aerosol Size Spectrometer (NMASS) is an airborne, in situ spectrometer used to measure particle size distribution and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). NMASS includes five parallel condensation nucleus counters (CNCs) that sample particles within the 3 to 60 nm diameter range. It can be mounted on various types of aircraft and is ideal for sampling cirrus clouds in the upper atmosphere. NMASS delivers rapid measurements with a temporal resolution of 10 Hz.

The Aircraft-Integrated Meteorological Measurement System (AIMMS) is an in situ airborne sensor developed by Aventech Research, Inc. It measures the aircraft's position, altitude, temperature, relative humidity, static pressure, and three-dimensional wind vector. The system includes an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), Global Positioning System (GPS), Air Data Probe (ADP), and a central processing module (CPM) for processing the GPS data. AIMMS provides data at a rate of up to 20 Hz and can operate in temperatures ranging from -20 to 50 degrees Celsius.

The Rosemount Icing Detector (RICE) is an in-situ airborne probe developed by Rosemount Inc. It uses magnetostrictive oscillation to detect shifts in frequency caused by ice accumulation on the sensing cylinder. These frequency changes correlate with the rate of ice buildup, which helps determine liquid water content. RICE typically samples every second.

The 2D-Stereo Particle Probe (2D-S) is an in situ airborne optical imaging device developed by SPEC Inc. It uses two diode laser beams to create stereo images of cloud particles via linear array shadowing. These images allow for the determination of cloud particle size distribution, particle number concentration, and ice or liquid water content. 2D-S has a resolution of 10 µm and can measure hydrometeors ranging from 25 to 1280 µm.

The Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FSSP) is an in situ airborne optical particle counter initially developed by Particle Measuring Systems, Inc. It determines particle size distribution by measuring the light intensity scattered by individual particles within the cloud. FSSP can detect particles ranging from 0.5 to 47 μm in diameter. It functions at a wavelength of 633 nm and typically samples at a rate of 1 Hz.

Rosemount Temperature Probes are in situ airborne temperature sensors manufactured by Rosemount, Inc. They provide atmospheric temperature measurements and are typically used to collect flight-level meteorological observations. Rosemount Temperature Probes consist of temperature transmitters, thermocouple sensors, resistance temperature detectors, and other temperature sensors.

The High Volume Precipitation Spectrometer (HVPS) is an in situ airborne particle imager manufactured by SPEC Inc. It uses a 128-photodiode array to capture images of precipitation particles. These images can be used to determine the particles' shape, size, and concentration. HVPS-3 has a pixel resolution of 150 μm and a maximum field of view of 1.92 cm.

The Hawkeye Combination Cloud Particle Probe is an in situ airborne probe developed by SPEC, Inc. It was initially designed to be flown on NASA’s Global Hawk Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle (UAV). Hawkeye includes four probes: the Fast Cloud Droplet Probe (FCDP), a 10-micron channel 2D-S Probe, a 50-micron channel 2D-S Probe, and a Cloud Particle Imager (CPI). Hawkeye captures images of cloud particles and measures particle size distribution and concentration. The FCDP has a size range of 1.5 to 50 μm with a resolution of 3 μm. The 10-micron channel 2D-S probe covers a size range of 10 to 1280 μm, while the 50-micron channel 2D-S covers 50 to 6400 μm. The CPI provides a resolution of 2.3 μm, a size range from 2.3 to 2300 μm, and a frame rate up to 400 frames per second.

The Fast Cloud Droplet Probe (FCDP) is an in situ airborne cloud probe manufactured by SPEC Inc. The FCDP measures the concentration and size of cloud droplets by detecting light scattered by particles. It detects particles with diameters ranging from 1.5 to 50 microns and typically records measurements at 1 Hz.

The 2D-Stereo Particle Probe (2D-S) is an in situ airborne optical imaging device developed by SPEC Inc. It uses two diode laser beams to create stereo images of cloud particles via linear array shadowing. These images allow for the determination of cloud particle size distribution, particle number concentration, and ice or liquid water content. 2D-S has a resolution of 10 µm and can measure hydrometeors ranging from 25 to 1280 µm.

The Passive-Cavity Aerosol Spectrometer Probe (PCASP) is an in situ airborne optical spectrometer manufactured by Droplet Measurement Technologies. It detects light scattered by particles to determine aerosol size distribution and concentration within the 0.1 to 3.0 μm range. PCASP operates at a wavelength of 632 nm and typically samples at 10 Hz.

Generic-Atmospheric State (Gen-AtmsState) refers to non-specific instruments on a platform used for measurements of atmospheric state parameters. These are typically in situ sensors that measure temperature, pressure, humidity, and wind speed/direction. Types of atmospheric state instruments include thermometers, hygrometers, barometers, and anemometers.

The Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FSSP) is an in situ airborne optical particle counter initially developed by Particle Measuring Systems, Inc. It determines particle size distribution by measuring the light intensity scattered by individual particles within the cloud. FSSP can detect particles ranging from 0.5 to 47 μm in diameter. It functions at a wavelength of 633 nm and typically samples at a rate of 1 Hz.

Condensation Particle Counters (CPCs) are in situ sensors that measure aerosol particle concentrations. CPCs determine aerosol levels by condensing fluid onto particles, causing them to grow to sizes detectable by optical scattering. Typically, CPCs can detect particles ranging from 7 nm to 3 μm, measure concentrations up to 100,000 particles per cubic centimeter, and provide readings every second. CPCs are manufactured by TSI Incorporated and can be used on airborne, shipborne, and ground-based platforms.

The High Volume Precipitation Spectrometer (HVPS) is an in situ airborne particle imager manufactured by SPEC Inc. It uses a 128-photodiode array to capture images of precipitation particles. These images can be used to determine the particles' shape, size, and concentration. HVPS-3 has a pixel resolution of 150 μm and a maximum field of view of 1.92 cm.

Generic-Atmospheric State (Gen-AtmsState) refers to non-specific instruments on a platform used for measurements of atmospheric state parameters. These are typically in situ sensors that measure temperature, pressure, humidity, and wind speed/direction. Types of atmospheric state instruments include thermometers, hygrometers, barometers, and anemometers.

An Electric Field Mill (EFM) is a ground-based and airborne electric sensor developed at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). It measures the full vector components of the atmospheric electric field and provides information about the electrical structure within and around storms. EFMs can detect both intracloud and cloud-to-ground lightning and can operate in large thunderstorm fields (thousands of volts per meter). An EFM typically has a response time of about 10 Hz.

Generic-Micophysics Probes (Gen-Microphysics) refer to non-specific cloud probes on a platform used to measure cloud microphysics. These are typically in situ probes that measure the physical properties of clouds. These measurements can include particle size distribution, droplet growth, cloud optical thickness, liquid water content, droplet concentration, and cloud condensation nuclei.